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Section 4 - Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Indian Evidence Act, 1872
4. "May presume"
Whenever it is provided by this Act that Court may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved, or may call for proof of it:
"Shall presume" – Whenever it s directed by this Act that the Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it disproved;
"Conclusive proof" – When one fact is declared by this Act to be conclusive proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the other as proved, and shall not allow evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving it.
Related Sections
- Section 153: Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity
- Section 80: Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence
- Section 58: Facts admitted need not be proved
- Section 63: Secondary evidence
- Section 10: Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design
Related Acts
- Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015
- Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015
- Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023
- Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017
- Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019
* Only for reference.